Volume 2 – Handbook #II: Glossary & “Terms of Art” Definitions – Page 1
For new readers:
Please read the “Pinned Post” at the top of this Substack’s Home Page, and titled Why Use Public Peer-Review to Write a Book? - “See for Yourself”.
For returning readers & subscribers:
This post expands yesterday’s post about the Glossary list of Authors and “Terms-of-Art” by providing the first page of the “Terms-of-Art” definitions. The next series of post will take us through these definitions, one page at a time.
Volume 2 – Handbook #II: Glossary & “Terms of Art” Definitions – Page 1
Accuracy
- A measure of conformity to a benchmark value. One of the measures that define the Y-axis of the enhanced Cipolla-chart.
- The combination of bias and precision. Element of the Statistical Meaning matrix in the “Template for Reading Research Papers”, and answer to the question: “How close are the results of the study to the benchmark values?”
AI/ML
- Artificial Intelligence started with Herbert Simon, and in the form of “Psychological AI” (Expert Systems), a “Process” to make computers think like humans. It then evolved in the form of “Statistical AI” (Machine Learning), a “Tool” to fit a function to the data. However, the opacity of Statistical AI revived interest in Psychological AI in general, and the “Fast & Frugal” Heuristics as a means to create “Explainable AI” (XAI).
Ambiguity
- One to the two components of “Uncertainty”. In his book “Willful Ignorance”, Herbert Weisberg shows that Statisticians quantify the collective “Doubt” portion of “Uncertainty”, and that “Clinicians” resolve the individual “Ambiguity” portion of “Uncertainty”.
Amplification
- Expression used in the enhanced Boyd-“OODA-Loop” to represent the action of emotions in the “Orient” step, and as contrasted with its opposite: “Supression”.
- Second stage, after “Perception”, in Rodolfo LLinás’ functional architecture of the brain: Emotions amplify or suppress ‘Perceptions” in the process of making “Predictions” to manage “Motions”.
Anomalies (Puzzles, Paradoxes & Anomalies)
- “Models, Theories & Laws” based on the Logic & Statistics Program rely upon simplifying “Axioms, Assumptions & Hypotheses” to work with the mathematics of “Control, Prediction & Optimization” in the “Small Worlds”. Applying such “Models, Theories & Laws” to the “Uncertainties” of the “Large World” create long catalogs of “Puzzles, Paradoxes & Anomalies”.
Anger
- One of the four primary emotions described in Volume 1 – Part I: Section #5. The other three primary emotions include: “Happiness”, “Fear”, and “Sadness”.
Antifragile
- Title of a book by Nassim Taleb, and new word to describe systems and entities that benefit from stress.
Arsonists (& Firefighters)
- Metaphor from Malcom Kendrick’s 2019 book “The Clot Thickens” to describe situation where confounding variables lead theories to confuse the positive actors/factors (firefighters) with the negative actors/factors (arsonists).
As-If Models
- Models based on incomplete or erroenous “Axioms, Assumptions & Hypotheses”, thus creating “Puzzles, Paradoxes & Anomalies” that require complicated additions, and modifications to improve their fit with empirical observations. Examples include (i) The “Tools”(e.g. Fourier Transforms) of epicycles such as geocentric cosmologies, and as contrasted with the “Process’ Models of orbital heliocentric cosmologies, and (ii) The data-fitting functions of large-scale & Big Data “Statistical AI”, and the resulting “Hallucinations” when applied to “Large World” problems with “Unstable, Uncertain & Ambigous “Task Environments”
“CTRI by Francois Gadenne” writes a book in three volumes, published at the rate of one two-pages section per day on Substack for public peer-review. The book connects the dots of life-enhancing practices for the next generation, free of controlling algorithms, based on the lifetime experience of a retirement age entrepreneur, & continuously updated with insights from reading Wealth, Health, & Statistics (i.e. AI/ML/LLM) research papers on behalf of large companies as the co-founder of CTRI.